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Kurzgesagt – In a Nutshell
A.I. ‐ Humanity's Final Invention?
A.I. ‐ Humanity's Final Invention?
Kurzgesagt – In a Nutshell
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16:43 · Aug 6, 2024
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humans
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humans rule Earth without
0:02
competition but we're about to create something
0:05
that may change that
0:06
our last invention the most powerful tool weapon or maybe even
0:10
entity artificial super intelligence
0:14
this sounds like science fiction
0:17
so let's start at the
0:18
beginning intelligence is the ability to learn
0:22
reason acquire Knowledge and Skills
0:24
and use them to solve problems
0:26
intelligence is power and we're the species that exploited it the most
0:31
so much so that Humanity
0:32
broke the game of Nature
0:34
and took control but the journey there wasn't straightforward
0:39
for most animals intelligence
0:40
costs too much energy to be worth it
0:43
still if we track intelligence
0:45
in the tree of species
0:46
over time we can see lots of diverse
0:49
forms of intelligence emerge
0:51
the earliest brains were in flatworms
0:53
500 million years ago
0:55
just a tiny cluster of neurons
0:57
to handle basic body functions
0:59
it took hundreds of millions of years for species to diversify
1:02
and become more complex
1:04
life conquered New environments
1:06
gained new senses and had to contend with Fierce competition
1:10
over resources but in nature
1:12
all that matters is survival
1:14
and brains are expensive
1:16
so for almost all animals a narrow intelligence
1:18
fit for a narrow range of tasks
1:20
was enough in some environments
1:23
animals like birds octopuses
1:25
and mammals evolved more complex neural structures
1:28
for them it paid off to have more energy consuming skills like Advanced navigation
1:33
and communication until 7 billion years ago
1:36
the hominins emerged we don't know why but their brains grew faster than their
1:41
relatives something was different about their intelligence
1:45
very slowly it turned from narrow
1:47
to General from a screwdriver
1:49
to a multi-tool able to think about diverse
1:53
Problems 2 million years ago homo erector
1:56
saw the world differently from anyone
1:58
before as something be understood
2:00
and transformed they controlled
2:03
fire invented tools and created the first
2:06
culture we probably emerged from them around
2:10
250,000 years ago with an even larger
2:13
and more complex brain
2:15
it enabled us to work together in large groups
2:17
and to communicate complex
2:19
thoughts we used our intelligence to improve our lives
2:22
to ask how things work
2:24
and why things are the way they are
2:26
with each Discovery we asked more questions
2:29
and pushed forward Ward preserving
2:30
what we learned outpacing
2:32
what evolution could do with
2:34
genes knowledge Builds on knowledge
2:37
progress was slow at first
2:39
and then sped up
2:40
exponentially agriculture writing medicine astronomy
2:43
or philosophy exploded into the world
2:46
200 years ago science took off and made us even better at learning about
2:50
the world and speeding up progress
2:53
35 years ago the internet age began
2:55
today we live in a world made to suit our needs
2:58
created by us us for us
3:01
this is incredibly new
3:03
we forget how hard it was to get here
3:06
how enormous the steps on the intelligence
3:08
ladder were and how long it took to climb them
3:11
but once we did
3:12
we became the most powerful animal in the world
3:15
in a heartbeat but we may be in the process of changing
3:19
this we're building machines
3:21
that could be better at the very thing that gave us the power to
3:24
conquer the planet Humanity's
3:27
final invention intelligence artificial
3:33
intelligence or AI is software that performs mental tasks with a computer
3:38
code that uses silicon
3:39
instead of neurons to solve problems
3:42
in the beginning AI was very simple
3:44
lines of code on paper
3:46
mere proofs of concept to demonstrate how machines could perform mental
3:50
tasks only in the 1960s
3:52
did we start seeing the first examples
3:54
of what we would recognize
3:55
as AI a chatbot
3:57
in 1964 approach program to sort through molecules
4:01
in 1965 slow specialized
4:04
systems requiring experts to use them
4:07
their intelligence was extremely
4:09
narrow built for a single task inside a controlled
4:12
environment the equivalent of flat worms
4:15
500 million years ago doing the minimum amount of mental
4:18
work progress in AI research paused
4:21
several times when researchers
4:23
lost hope in the technology
4:25
but just like changing environments
4:27
create new niches for Life
4:28
the world around AI changed
4:30
between 1950 and 2000
4:32
computers got a billion times faster
4:35
while programming became easier
4:37
and widespread in 1972
4:40
AI could navigate a room
4:41
in 1989 it could read handwritten
4:44
numbers but it remained a fancy tool
4:46
no match for humans
4:48
until in 1997 an AI shocked the World by beating the world champion in
4:53
chess proving that we could build machines
4:56
that could surpass us
4:57
but we calmed ourselves
4:58
because a chest spot
5:00
is quite stupid not a flatworm
5:02
but maybe a bee
5:04
only able to perform a specialized
5:06
narrow task but within this narrow task
5:09
it's so good that no human will ever again beat AI a
5:13
chess as computers continued
5:15
to improve AI became a powerful tool for more and more tasks
5:20
in 2004 it drove a robot on Mars
5:22
in 2011 it began recommending
5:24
YouTube videos to you
5:26
but this was only possible
5:28
because humans broke down problems
5:29
into easyto digest chunks
5:31
that computers could solve
5:32
quickly until we taught AIS
5:36
to teach themselves rise
5:39
of the self-learning Machines
5:42
this is not a technical video so we're massively oversimplifying
5:45
here in a nutshell
5:47
the sheer power of supercomputers
5:48
was combined with the almost endless data collected in the information age to make
5:53
a new generation of ai
5:55
ai experts began drastically
5:57
improving forms of AI software called neur neural networks
6:00
enormously huge networks of artificial neurons
6:03
that start out being bad at their tasks
6:06
they then used machine learning which is an umbrella term for many different training
6:10
techniques and environments that allows algorithms
6:12
to write their own code and improve
6:14
themselves the scary thing is that we don't exactly know how they do it
6:19
and what happens inside them
6:21
just that it works
6:22
and that what comes out the other end is a new type of AI
6:26
a capable black box of code
6:29
the these new AIS could Master complex skills extremely
6:32
quickly with much less human help
6:35
they were still narrow intelligences
6:37
but a huge step up
6:39
in 2014 Facebook AI could identify
6:42
faces with 97% accuracy
6:44
in 2016 an AI beat the best humans in the incredibly
6:48
complex game of Go
6:50
in 2018 a self-learning
6:52
AI learned chess in 4 hours
6:54
just by playing against itself
6:56
and then defeated the best specialized
6:59
chess bot since then machine learning has been applied to reading
7:03
image processing solving tests
7:05
and much more many of these AIS are already better than humans for whatever
7:10
narrow task they were trained
7:11
but they still remained a simple tool
7:14
AI still didn't seem that big of a deal for most people
7:17
and then came the chatbot
7:19
chat GPT the work that went into it is massive
7:23
it trained on nearly everything written on the internet
7:25
to learn how to handle language
7:27
which it now does better than most people
7:29
it can summarize translate
7:31
and help with some math
7:33
problems it's incredibly more broad than any other system just a few years ago
7:38
not crushing any single Benchmark
7:40
but order of them at once
7:42
many large tech companies are spending billions to build powerful
7:46
competitors AI is already transforming
7:49
customer service banking Healthcare
7:51
marketing copyrighting creative spaces and more
7:55
AI generated content has already taken hold of social media
7:59
YouTube and news websites
8:01
elections are expected to be inundated
8:03
by Propaganda misinformation no one is sure how much good or harm can come
8:08
from adopting AI everywhere
8:10
change is scary there will be winners
8:13
and losers one of the biggest questions
8:15
governments and corporations have now
8:17
is how to manage the transition to an AI boosted
8:20
economy all these potential gains or risks
8:23
are just the result of today's
8:25
AI chat gpt's intelligence
8:28
is a major step up but it remains narrow
8:31
one it can write a great essay in seconds
8:33
it doesn't understand what it's
8:35
writing but what if the AIS
8:38
stopped being narrow General
8:41
AI what makes humans different from current AI is our general
8:46
intelligence humans can technically absorb any piece of knowledge
8:49
and start working on any problem
8:51
we're great at many very different skills and tasks
8:54
from playing chess to writing or solving science puzzles
8:57
not equally of course
8:59
some of us are experts in some fields
9:01
and beginners in others
9:02
but we can technically
9:04
do all of them
9:05
in the past AI was narrow and able to become good at one skill
9:09
but was rather bad in all the others
9:11
simply by building faster computers
9:14
and pouring more money into AI training
9:16
will get us new
9:17
more powerful generations of AI
9:20
but what is the next step for AI
9:22
is to become a general intelligence
9:24
like us an AGI
9:27
if the AI improvement
9:28
process continues as it has been
9:30
it's not unlikely that AGI
9:32
could be better in most or even all skills that humans can do
9:37
we don't know how to build AGI
9:39
how it will work
9:40
or what it will be able to do
9:42
since narrow AIS today are capable of mastering
9:45
one mental task quickly
9:47
HGI might be able to do the same with all mental tasks
9:50
so even if it starts out stupid
9:53
and HGI might be able to become as smart and capable
9:56
as a human while this sounds like science sence fiction
10:00
most AI researchers think this will happen sometime
10:03
this Century maybe already in a few
10:05
years humanity is not ready for what will happen next
10:09
not socially not economically
10:11
not morally earlier we defined intelligence
10:14
as the ability to learn
10:16
reason acquire Knowledge and Skills
10:18
and use them to solve problems
10:20
all things humans excel at
10:23
an AGI as intelligent
10:24
as even an average human
10:26
would already disrupt modern civilization
10:28
because they're not Bound by the same limitations
10:31
as we are today's
10:32
AIS like chat gbt
10:34
already think and solve the tasks they were made for at least 10 times
10:38
faster than even very skilled
10:40
humans maybe AGI will be slower
10:43
but it may also be faster
10:44
maybe much faster and since HGI
10:48
are software you could copy them endlessly
10:51
as long as you have enough storage
10:52
and run them in
10:54
parallel there are 8 million scientists
10:56
in the world now imagine an AI
10:59
copied a million times and put to work
11:01
imagine 1 million scientists
11:03
working 24/7 thinking 10 times faster than humans
11:07
without being distracted only focused on the task they've been given
11:12
what if suddenly HGI
11:14
could do all intelligence-based
11:15
jobs in the world
11:16
from interpreting law to coding to creating animated
11:20
YouTube videos better faster
11:22
and much cheaper than humans
11:24
would whoever controls this AGI
11:27
suddenly own the economy
11:29
and thinking bigger human progress
11:32
is our intelligence applied to problems
11:34
so what could a million agis
11:37
achieve solve fundamental questions of science
11:40
like dark energy invent new technology
11:43
that gives us Limitless
11:44
energy fix climate change
11:47
cure aging and cancer
11:49
but then again sadly
11:51
humans apply their intelligence
11:52
not just for the benefit of
11:54
all what if the agis
11:56
are tasked to guide drones
11:58
or pull the triggers
11:59
in war or to engineer a virus that only kills people with green eyes
12:04
or to create the most profitable
12:05
social media so addictive
12:07
that people starve in front of their
12:09
screens the creation of AGI
12:11
could reasonably be as big of an event as taming fire
12:15
or electricity and give whoever invents it equally as much power
12:20
but now let's go one step further
12:23
what if the potential of AGI
12:25
doesn't stop here intelligence
12:28
explosion intelligence and knowledge build and accelerate
12:32
each other but humans are limited
12:34
by biology and evolution
12:36
once we evolved the right Hardware
12:38
our software outpaced evolution
12:40
by orders of magnitudes
12:42
and within a heartbeat
12:43
we ruled this planet
12:45
but our software basically hasn't changed much since then which is why we have
12:49
obesity and destroy the climate for short-term
12:52
gains since AGI is software on a computer
12:56
once it's smart enough to do AI research
12:58
the rate of AI progress
13:00
should speed up a lot
13:01
and that results in better AI
13:03
That's better at AI research
13:05
without much human involvement
13:07
it may even be possible that AI could learn how to directly improve itself
13:11
in which case some experts fear this feedback loop
13:14
could be incredibly fast
13:16
maybe just months or years after the first self-improving
13:19
hii is switched on
13:21
maybe it would actually take decades
13:23
we simply don't know
13:24
this is all speculative
13:26
but such an intelligence
13:27
explosion might lead to a true superintelligent
13:30
entity we don't know what such a being would look like what its motives
13:34
or goals would be
13:35
what would go on in its inner
13:37
world we could be as laughably
13:39
stupid to superintelligence as squirrels
13:42
are to us unable to even comprehend
13:45
its way of thinking
13:47
this hypothetical scenario keeps many people up at night
13:51
humanity is the only example we have of an animal becoming smarter than all
13:56
others and we have not been kind
13:59
to what we perceive as less intelligent
14:01
beings AGI might be the last invention of
14:05
humanity it's possible that it could become the most intelligent
14:08
and therefore most powerful being on earth
14:11
a God in a box
14:13
that could exercise its power to bring unimaginable
14:16
wealth and happiness to humans
14:17
while securing our future
14:19
or it could subvert
14:21
civilization and bring about our end
14:24
with Humanity unable to come up with a way to stop it
14:27
we'll look at some of these potential
14:29
Futures in more videos
14:30
but for now let's wrap up
14:33
the only thing we know for sure is that today
14:35
right now many of the largest
14:37
and richest companies in the world
14:39
are racing to create ever more powerful
14:42
AIS whatever our future is
14:45
we are running towards
14:48
it who knows how long we have until we must confront
14:52
our AI future luckily
14:54
you still have plenty of time to prepare for it
14:57
if you're learning on Brilliance
14:58
that brilliant will make you a better thinker and Problem Solver
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including AI their latest course how llms
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work takes you under the hood of real language models
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it demystifies Technologies like chat gbt
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with interactive lessons on everything from how models build vocabulary
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