Connected Speech in English Pronunciation (COMPLETE MASTER CLASS)

so that first rule I want to mention

is the linking with Y

so basically when we get a word that ends in what I like to

call a smiley vowel

and the next word starts with any other vowel sound

we link them together with a Y

so for example the

Apple the Apple the

Apple the Apple I insert

a y sound in there to link them together

the second rule is with w

this time instead of having a smiley vowel

we're going to have a rounded

vowel such as oo

ow so my mouth is in this kind of oo

rounded shape if a word ends with a rounded vowel and the next word

starts with any other vowel sound doesn't matter what

we're going to link it with a W

for example two wapples

two wapples two apples

two apples we link it with a W in the middle

the third and final rule is when we link with a r

so if a word ends with what I like to call the in between

vowels and starts with any of the vowel sound then we link with a

r what do I mean by an in between vowel

Emma I basically mean that your mouth is a lot more relaxed

it's not Smiley like e

and it's not rounded like ooh

it's a little bit more relaxed

they're kind of in between

let's say so these tend to be dip thongs with schwas

or schwar itself such as ear

or it tends to be ones like O

A so you see what I mean

my mouth is not e and my mouth is not ooh

it's a little bit more relaxed

so for example Car

Alarm car are Car

Alarm car alarm so here

if I say these words in isolation

that R becomes silent

but if I join them together we link them together with a r so

Car Alarm I do have a lot more information

about this kind of linking

in other videos such as my R

video I talk about

um oh I forgot what they're called

linking art and intrusive

art that's it I talk about linking art and intrusive

art and the difference between these two how we use them in sentences

and connected speech so if you're interested in that I've got more details about

that in another video I will link that in the description

too so now that we've done that recap of the three rules

when it comes to vowel vowel linking

let's have a look at the text itself

so as I said part one of the video and part two of the

video will include the same text

but in the first one I'm just going to talk about vowel vowel linking

part two we'll be talking about other types of linking

those are consonant consant linking and consonant

vowel linking so the way that I'm going to do this analysis

is sentence by sentence

right so let's focus on the first

sentence let's make a cake

let's make a cake take well here we have no vowel vow linking

right so let's move on to the next sentence

we need two EGS

two WS so here we need to make sure that we're linking

with a W cuz we have two

o rounded sound two

that's terrible o but anyway

two WS two EGS

we need two eggs

or maybe three eggs

three eggs for this

recipe we need two eggs or maybe three eggs for this recipe

so you can hear how those two link

we've got three which ends with an E Smiley bowel

e next one here let me make that dot clearer

never mind you understand what I

mean now we need some

flouring sugar we need some flowering

sugar flower and sugar

here we're going to link these two with a r

we need some flour and sugar

flour ends in aw

okay depends on the accent

some accents do pronounced the r

here I'm focusing on RP

modern RP where the r isn't pronounced it's silent

but here because we've got a vowel coming after

we're going to join them together with a r

flower and sugar okay

let's lay out lay

out here we've got a dip thong

a let's lay out

all the ingredients the

ingredients so here we've got an e

and then we've got a y linking it together

so in this little sentence

here okay let's lay out all the

ingredients so we can see

everything same sound as the

see everything okay let's lay out all

the ingredients so we can see

everything oh I almost

forgot we need to

to wad actually let me move that down there that kind of books me

that it's down that it's up there

toad so here I was meant to be a u an oo

sound so here we've got two w

to add we need to add some butter

we need to add some butter

right we're ready to start

here we've got no Val Val

connection first we need to put the butter

and sugar butter and sugar

here we're going to link butter

and butterin butter and sugar

so here we're going to link it with a r

the same with flower

butter run butter first we need to put the butter and sugar

in the bowl so

next sentence then we at the eggs

the eggs here we have

whoops we don't have a

line we have the

the eggs then we add the eggs

then we add the

eggs after it after

it so after ends with a schw

after it's all mixed

together after it's all mixed together

we put the flower

in flower in flower

in after it's all mixed together we put the flow

in mix it all

before rading before ring

so before we have this o

vowel before ring the mixture

to to a baking

tin mix it all before

adding the mixture to a baking

tin put it in the oven

the yoven that's meant to be an e

the yoven for around

fur around so here I'm using the weak form of th

I'm not saying for

around but F even if we use the strong

or it would still link with a r okay okay cuz it's one of

those in between vowels that I mentioned

so here we're just going to use the weak form with awah

f f round fur

round going to link with a

r 30 to 40

minutes until golden brown

insert a skewer so a skewer is kind of like a wooden stick that

you use for barbecues

and things like that

so insert a skewer

into skewer ends with awah

here the sound skew

it's going to link with a r

insert a skewer into the cake to check it's

cooked when it's ready

let it cool for a bit

for a bit exactly the same situation

we have up here with f

around for a bit the same thing happens

so let it cool for a bit

5 minutes should be

enough be enough be

enough we're going to link it with another y

be enough when it's ready let it cool for a bit

5 minutes should enough

now it's time to eat so

now ow is a dip thong

now W with a W

to weat with a were

now it's time to eat

now it's time time to eat

so let's read this all together just in case I've missed any if I

have missed any do let me know in the comments it's not a serious

problem or anything like that but it's always good to know if I do

miss any um I'll read it all the way through

so let's make a cake

we need two eggs

or maybe three eggs for this

recipe we need two

eggs or maybe three

eggs for this recipe

now we need some flour

and sugar now we need some

flour and sugar one question I get asked a lot is about

this connection with W

okay I'm going to talk about that in another lesson I'm not going to

talk about it here but W

is not considered a vowel sound

according to the IPA

chart the British femic

chart here now does end with a vowel

it ends with a dip thong actually

but we W ww

in we is not considered a vowel so I'm just mentioning that cuz a

lot of my private students mention that and they think oh there's a connection

there there something I want to talk about in another lesson but here technically

it's not vow vowel linking

technically it's vow constant linking that we're doing here right

so something else so

that's just that I wanted to clarify

that before I have people asking me in the comments

so now we need some flour

and okay let's lay out all the ingredients

so we can see

everything okay let's lay out

all the ingredients so we can see

everything oh I almost

forgot we need to add some

butter we need to

add some butter right

we're ready to start

first we need to put the butter and sugar

in the bowl first we need to put the butter

and sugar in the bowl

here actually I missed one

sugarin another schah that's why we went through we needed to

check first we need to put the butter

and sugar in the bowl

first we need to put the butter and sugar in the

bowl mix them together

then we add the

then we add the

eggs after it's all mixed together

we put the flour

in after it's all mixed

together we put the flour

in mix it all before adding the mixture to a baking

tin mix it all

before ring the mixture

to were baking tin

put it in the oven for around 30 to 40 minutes until golden

brown put it in the oven

for around 30 to 40

minutes until golden brown

insert a skewer into the cake to check it's

cooked insert a skewer

into the cake to check it's

cooked when it's ready let it cool for a bit

when it's ready let it cool

for a bit 5 minutes should be

enough 5 minutes should be

enough now it's time to

eat now it's time to

eat and that's that

and that's it for this analysis

I hope you enjo let's start with consonant vowel linking

basically whenever you get a word that ends with a consonant

sound and the next word starts with a vowel sound

you just move that consonant

over to the start of the next word

easy peasy for example

I need it I

need it it I need it so that du from need

moves over to the start of the next word

and creates it I need it if you say slowly

it sounds a bit weird because it sounds like I need

it or I need

it and people may think what's D

so you've got to say quite quickly

I need it I needed

now when it comes to consonant consonant linking it can get a little bit

more complicated but in this video I'm going to try and keep it as

simple as possible the thing that I'm going to focus on is when two

consonant sounds are very similar

in position in the mouth

so for example if you have two

similar sounds such as two alviola

sounds then you may join them together

and essentially you don't pronounce the first one you hold it and then you

release it on the next sound

for example I need

them I need them

I need them so here instead of saying I need

them I need them and I'm releasing that du

because du andth are pronounced in quite similar positions in the mouth I can

just go straight to that th

and hold that du

I need them I need them

Cas is where the sound is the same at the end and at the

beginning of the word

basically you just continue

that sound for example

this scene this scene

this scene this scene

so you notice I don't

separate the words I just keep the sound going it becomes almost like one

word you just join them together

this scene so those are the main points that I want to talk about

when it comes to connecting

consonants together so as a little recap

if they are pronounced in a similar part of the mouth such as they're

both pronounced at the front or they're both pronounce with the lips

you're going to see cases of that like for example some

butter some butter I don't say some

butter and I release the M but I hold it and I just release

it with the B some butter

you're going to see that in this analysis

or if they are the same sound we just keep the sound going

that's basically it as I did say there are other cases

of connected speech when it comes to constant constant linking

you will see that when I do this analysis

cuz I'm actually filming this intro

after doing the analysis

that I do come across

where the consonant sound changes

at the end of words

and I really I tried to explain it in the video

but Midway I was thinking this is a huge mistake I'm going to confuse

a lot of people

I do have a video planned where I want to talk about

when a consonant sound completely

changes and it is essentially influenced

by the consonant starting the next word

please don't get to confused by it I will

create another video to clarify it and make it loads loads loads more clearer

hopefully than I do in the video

but anyway that's that

let's just get started with the analysis

enjoy clap clapping with

sinking that wasn't right

okay now let's have a look at the text together and do an analysis

so remember I'm only going to focus on consonant

consonant and consonant linking

consonant vowel linking in this analysis

if you're you're looking for vowel vowel linking

I talk about that in part one so I will leave a video to

that in the description

anyway let's have a look at this text together so

if you've already watched part one this text will be very familiar to you

like it is the same text I've not changed anything

I'm just analyzing from a different perspective

so here let's start with the first

sentence let's make a cake

let's make a make a cake

let's make a cake we're going to take that c

here and we're going to move it to the beginning of the next word

so let's make a cake

let's make a cake

we need two eggs

we need two eggs

this duh here I'm basically going to hold it and I'm just going to

release it as a t

so we need to

we need to not we need

to you could say like that that's okay but as we're analyzing connected

speech it makes sense to talk about this so we need

two eggs we need two eggs

or maybe three eggs for this recipe

there's no other consonant consonant or consonant vowel linking

there now we need some flour and sugar

now we need some flour and sugar

here this is something I mentioned in part one and I didn't really address

it I just said this is something that happens

but I didn't explain

what happened really so

now is the uh dip thong sound that we have there so now

we now we what I'm doing here is I'm joining them together

so now we now

we now we need some flour and sugar

now we need some flour and

sugar now we need

some so here need

some I'm not releasing

that du I'm holding

it and then I'm moving straight to the S

need some need some

now we need some flour and sugar

now this isn't a feature of connected speech but it is a feature of

Rapid speech I'm going to remove this little dirt over here

now um I'm not really going to explain

so like in so much detail why in this video because I do have

another video that talks all about

why we remove the T and du at the end of words and when

we do that and what happens

Etc so I'm not going to go into too much detail about that if

you're watching in the future

and that video has already come out I will link it down in the

description but if not you're going to have to wait sorry

so now we need

some flour and sugar

flour and sugar okay

let's lay out the ingredients

so these two come together as well cuz they're pronounced in a similar part

of the mouth we're using the alveola

area the alviola ridge

so let's lay out

let's let's lay out

so here as well lay out

all ingredients lay out

all ingredients I'm moving the T

over to the next word because it starts with a vowel

all the ingredients these two are pronounced in very

very similar positions in the mouth

so I'm going to hold that dark l so that is a dark L

up here that's the symbol

I have a video all about the light and dark L

which you can take a look at I'll also put that in the description

too my description is going to be full

of links to videos

but I guess that's good

means that they're all coming together nicely

so let's lay out

all the ingredients all

the ingredients not all

the all the ingredients

my tongue stays up

and then it just goes straight to the voiced

th again I have a video about that I'll link that down below as

well so ingredients so

ingredients so these two are

the same sound S and S

they're going to come together

we're not going to break them and separate them we're going to keep them

together like a happy little couple

and uh pronounce it almost like one word so it becomes like

so okay let's lay out

all the so so we can see

can see here I'm going to hold that n in position

and I'm just going to slide my tongue straight into a s

so it sounds like

I don't release that n

and then move on to the next word so it's not like we can

see we can see

we can see we can see

everything oh I almost

forgot I almost forgot

I'm going to remove that t

not going to explain

why I'm going to keep you in suspense

for another video but there is a video coming all about removing T and

du at the end of words

so I'm going to completely remove that

oh I almost forgot

we need to add so here

these two because they're pronouncing

similar parts of the mouth

we're going to hold that du and we're just going to release it

as a T exactly the same up here need

to need to need to

okay so we need to add

we need to add

to add some these are going to come together

we need to add some

we need hold it we need

to add some add

some add some add

some we need to

add some butter these two are going to come together as well we've got

m and b they're both pronounced with the lips

so we're going to keep the mouth closed and then just release it as

a b some but

some butter we need

to add some butter

right we're ready to start

I don't think anything happens here

nope okay that's good

if I do miss out any connecting

here I mean not relating to vow vow connecting but if I miss out

any other connecting in here then do forgive me cuz there is a lot

of connecting in this text that I've

put together like I've actually done this text

so I should know where all the linking is but sometimes I just forget

because there's so much

so do feel free to ask questions in the comments

and point out if I missed any

so anyway next sentence

first we need first

we need we're going to cut that t again

first we need T we're going to put those together need

to need to need to

put the put the

put the so not put

the put the first we need

to put the butter

in remove that du

butter and sugar in the

in the in the

so you notice what I'm doing all the time when we have these sounds

that are quite similar to each other

that first one tends to be held and then we just release it as

the next sound this doesn't always

happen of course there will probably be a case where it doesn't happen here

but it's a very simple way to explain

what's happening here so hold that first sound and then just release

it as uh the next sound in the next word

so first we need to

put the butter and sugar

in the okay ball

mix them together mix

them together you could even say that those

those two comes here mix

them them I would say they kind of join

mix them mix them because I'm not really

moving my tongue when I do the S

so this is like a combination

this sound them mix

them mix them I feel though this one is more of like a palatal

s rather than an alviola

S mix I feel that one's more palatal

I feel I'm not really connecting

those as much because I'm pronouncing this S as something more palatal

rather than um alviola

so I will leave that one for now but I will leave that there

as like a little

explanation then we add

the add the those two come together add

the add the add the eggs

add the eggs after

it all it all

that's going to move over here it's

all all it all

mixed together another combination

there of D mixed

together mixed together we put the

put the put the

flower in mix it all before adding

the mixture to a baking

tin I don't think I've got any other linking

there mixit I of course the vowel

over here so mixit

mix that's also going to link as well

mix I didn't even have that link in my notes there's another

cheeky hidden link there so mix it all before adding the mixture

to a baking tin

no other linking there

so put it we're going to move that over here put it in

that's also going to move

over here put it

in the put it in the

these two are going to link together because they're similar positions in the mouth

in the in the

put it in the oven

put it in the oven

so all these consonants

are going to move to the beginning of the next word

and then we've got in the in the

put it in the oven

put it in the oven

for around 30 so here 30

starts with a th starts with a voiceless

th around around 30

around 30 I don't release the D I hold it and I just pronounced

the th 30 to 40

minutes until golden brown

golden brown um this kind of linking

here I want to talk about it in another video should I talk about

it now yeah okay I will talk about it now just

cuz I feel like I've left you in a lot of suspense

already with some topics

so golden brown golden

brown what happens here you will see that I'm actually changing

this sound here to a m

right golden brown golden

brown this happens with three different sounds

with t d and

n I should know it's right here

and what happens is

when the next word starts with any other consonant

sound it doesn't matter which one

the sound changes so that it's similar

to what the next word starts

with so for example

here we've got n

okay that's one of our

three sounds that can change at the end of words

Brown so Brown we have a b

sound BBB another sound that's similar to B

so another baval sound

is and M of course

so here what I'm going to do is I'm going to take this

n and I'm going to change it so that it's similar

sounding to this B

here now because N is a nasal

I like I'm going to lose you here I'm going to confuse you I'm

sorry I will talk about it in more detail in

in another video right

okay but here this n

because it's nasal we're going to change it

to this okay B and P are not nasal

sounds n is nasal

m is nasal m is similar to B

it is in the collection

of one of the three sounds that we can change

if it's at the end of a word and the next word starts with

another consonant sound so I'm going to change the N

to a m a really hope I didn't lose you there with that explanation

I will talk about it in loads more detail

in another video just pronounce it as a m for now if you didn't

understand or not it doesn't really matter so much but that's the explanation

of that I'll talk about it in more detail on the future

in another video I think it deserves its

video so here put the

uh what's it yes so

put it in the oven for around

30 to 40 minutes until till golden

brown golden brown golden

brown inser inser we're going to move that t to the beginning of the

next word ins to skewer

into the cake into the cake to check

it to check it

to check it cooked

when it's ready we're going to move that n

over whenit nits whenit

when it's ready ready

let it cool we're going to move that over to the next word so

let it cool let

it cool for a bit

cool for a bit no other Link in there

uh five minutes notice here I'm not breaking

these minutes should minutes

should I join them

together nice little sound effect there so minutes

should those together because they're pronounced in similar parts of the mouth

so minutes should be enough

should be enough should

be that becomes like a m

sound again for the same reason

up here we're changing

that sound I will talk about it in another

video in more detail

please don't worry about it or be too confused

about it take it as a

introduction um and preparation

for that video when it comes out

so should be should be in enough

now it's time to eat

now it's time to eat I don't think there's any other linking

there it's time no no I got it in my notes that these two

link it's time it's

time cuz uh they're pronouncing similar positions in the mouth they're both alviola

sounds so I think I managed to get

all of the things I wanted to talk about

again if I have missed any other points of linking in here then I'm

sorry do let me know in the comments and I can clarify

yep that's something I missed out or no

that's that's nothing to do with this video whatever

do let me know forgive me

so let's go through this together I'll read it normally

and I'll kind of say it like I did in part one a bit

slower then you can hear that connected speech happening

let's make a cake

let's make a cake

we need two eggs

we need two eggs

or maybe three eggs for this

recipe now we need some flour and

sugar now we need

some flour and sugar

okay let's lay out all

the ingredients so we can see

everything okay let's lay

out all the ingredients

so we can see

everything woo lot of linking in that sentence

especially when you start to include the

linking okay let's lay out all the ingredients

so we can see

everything oh I almost

forgot I almost forgot

we need to add some butter

we need to add

some butter right we're ready to

start first we need to put the butter and sugar

in the bowl so here I I think I accidentally separated

them but first we need to put the butter and sugar in the bowl

there we go that sounded a lot more natural

I went into like a very teacher room mode then and I don't know

what happened my brain switched

so first we need

to put the butter

and sugar in bowl

mix them together mix them

together I'm still debating

about whether this it's too palatal

it's too palatal at that s for for it to

link mix them mix

them mix them I'm debating that one let me know in the comments what

you think about that one

let's going be the controversial

one in this video

so mix together then we add the eggs

then we add the eggs

then we add the

eggs after it's all mixed

together we put the flour in

after it's all mixed

together we put the flower

INX mix it all before adding the mixture to a baking

tin mix it all

before adding the mixture

to a baking tin

put it in the oven for around 30 to 40 minutes until golden

brown put it in the oven

for around 30 to 40

minutes until golden brown

insert a skewer into the the cake to check it's

cooked insert a skewer

into the cake to check

it's cooked when it's ready

let it cool for a

bit when it's ready

let it cool for a

bit 5 minutes should be enough

5 minutes should be

enough now it's time to eat

now now it's time

to eat I think that's it I think I managed to get all of

my linking as I said if I forgot any let me know in the

comments and uh yes I will reply to them and let you know whether

I did miss them or not

so that's when it comes to consonant vowel connected speech

it's really simple basically

when a word ends in a consonant

sound and the next word starts with a vowel sound

we move that consonant

over to the beginning

of the next word

for example an napple

an napple so instead of saying

an apple an apple

I shift that n

over to the start of the next word

so it sounds like napple

napple an napple an apple

another example I love

oranges I love oranges

V oranges I love

oranges so you see how that the in love

moves over to the beginning of the next word

I love oranges here are some more examples for you feel free to listen

and repeat I finish

work at eight I finish

work Tate work work

Tate so you see how these link together and that consonant

shifts over to the beginning of the next word

I fin finish work at eight

I finished work at eight

another example I ate it all

I at it all

I ate it all

I ate it all

I ate it all

another example I went on a

plane I went on

a plane I went

on a plane I went on a plane

now this one's a bit trickier cuz now we've got three points where we're

going to connect them

I went 11 I went

out 11 I went

out 11 I went out at 11

and that's it for this video and that is the linking

R this means that when

we have a r so we have an r

at the end of a word

and the next word

starts with a vowel sound

we can link them together with a r

sound for example in car

alarm car on its own

I wouldn't pronounce the r normally

okay some accents may

I personally don't Car

Alarm however in Rapid speech

this would come together and we would use the linking

R Car Alarm Car

Alarm car alarm now the Third thir and final rule

is when we do actually pronounce it

and we pronounce the r when we have

an r and then we have a vowel coming after it

for example in the word

hairy notice the position

getting that peanut butter

taking that pouty hairy

hairy another is foreign

foreign foreign and the last one here

horror horror hor so notice

that I pronounced the one in the middle I pronounced those two RS in

the middle because they are between vowels

but I don't pronounce that final one because it's at the end

now this video wouldn't be complete without some sentences

for us to practice

so what I've got here are a mixture

of sentences where we pronounce the r

and where the r is silent

before you ask in the comments

even though I say that the r is silent in some of these words

you can still pronounce it it doesn't matter and as I said there are

many accents across the UK where they do pronounce the R

so don't worry too much about it

Roy has a car

Roy has a red

car Roy has a red car

where were you on

Thursday where were you

on Thursday where were you on

Thursday the program starts at

3: the program starts

at three the program starts at

3 it's far away

it's far away it's far

away so in this example

I am using the linking

R normally we would say

far but here because away

starts with a vowel

we're going to link it with a r

it's far away it's far away

and that's it for this video I hope you've enjoyed it and you've learned

something we're going to talk about what a simulation

is in this video

and four different cases

where we do use a similation

using this sound here

the Y sound so

yes let's get started

and there's an ambulance

of course so assimilation

is when you get two sounds

and one of them changes

to make it easier

to pronounce the next sound

so what sometimes happens is just one sound may change

or both sounds may change

that's a similation in a nutshell

you can hear assimilation

happen within a word

or in between words in sentences

today we're going to be looking at the latter

so we're just going to be looking at sentences

I think I'll leave the word one for another video

I must also say that it's not crucial for you to use assimilation

when you're speaking but it is important for your listening skills because it is

used quite a lot

so don't worry about trying to use it in your own speech

just be aware of it for your own listening

comprehension so the first case that I want to talk about is this one

here with du and

Y so what can happen when we get du and Y together is they

combine and they create a j

sound so here's an example

did you go did you go

so I could say

did you go that's okay

but you may hear some speakers saying

did you did you

did you go did you go

another example is would you like to

start would you would you

would you like to start

you can say would you

would you like to start

that's okay but some speakers

may say would you

would you like to start

the second case is instead of du

we're going to change it to a T

so whenever you get a t

y combination you may

get a sound in there

for example can't you do it

can't you do it

can't you do it

so notice instead of saying can't

you can't you do it

I combine them to create a CH

can't you can't you do it

can't you do it

another example that dress doesn't suit

you suit you suit you

so I could say suit

you that dress doesn't suit you

or that dress doesn't suit you

that dress doesn't suit you

the third case is with S

Plus y this time we're going to get a sh

sound for example the boss makes you work a lot

the boss Makes You

Makes You The Boss makes you work a lot

again you could say the boss makes you

that's okay but some speakers

may say make sure

make sure the boss makes you work a lot

another example is this

yours is this yours

is this yours so instead of

is this yours is this yours

is this yours and the last one is with Z instead of s

so if we get this combination

of z and y

together we may get a z

sound for example please use this

please use this please use this

now this one here you can again say please

use that is fine

though you may hear some speakers

saying please use please use this

please use this and the last

example as usual the meeting went

well as usual as

usual the meeting went well

again you could say as usual

as as usual that's not

right you could say

as usual as usual

but in Rapid speech you may hear some speaker saying

as usual as usual

as usual the meeting went well

and that's that so let's do a little bit of listening

and repeating practice CU I know you guys really like it

so I'm just going to repeat the phrases that we've talked about in this

video feel free to listen

and repeat did you

go did you go

did you go would you like to

start would you like to

start would you like to

start can't you do

it can't you do it

can't you do it

that dress doesn't suit

you that dress doesn't

suit you that dress doesn't suit

you the boss makes you work a

lot the boss makes you work a lot

the boss makes you work a

lot is this youres

is this youres is this

youres please use this

please use this please use

this as usual the meeting went well

as usual the meeting went

well as usual the meeting went

well and that's that quite okay so let's start firstly with what is assimilation

in very very simple terms

assimilation is when one sound

changes so that it's easier to connect or it's easier to pronounce

the sound that's after it quite often what happens with a similation

is it's the first sound that Chang changes

I'll give you an example

let's take the sentence

is that clear notice that I'm not saying

is that clear is

that clear I'm not really pronouncing

that t listen to how I pronounce it quickly

is that clear is that

clear so notice I'm changing

that t into more of a C

Sound I'm pronouncing it back here

this is a similation

so we're changing that t sound to make it easier to to transition

to the C the next question

when is a similation

used assimilation is used mostly in Rapid speech

so if we take our example

is that clear I can say it quite clearly

ironically I can pronounce the letters

clearly when I say it slowly

however if I try to say it quickly

is that clear is that clear

or even quicker is that clear what I said

it's really quite tricky to do so to make it easier to to transition

and easy to pronounce

we can change some of the sounds

is that clear and the last question

why do we use a simulation

well as I've already said

in theory it should make it easier to transition

between sounds have you ever found that when you're speak in English

you realize that you're getting a bit tongue tied

and you're thinking how is it that these words are so hard to pronounce

I listen to native speakers

and they're just pronouncing

these words with no problems

like with zero effort

well it's because you're probably trying to pronounce

all of the sounds

you're trying to enunciate

every single sound so that when you're speaking

at a quicker speed

it's actually quite difficult to do that there are little tricks that native speakers

use such as removing

sounds in consonant clusters

removing sounds at the end of words to make it easier

and changing the sounds

which is assimilation that's what we're looking at today

so if you find that you're getting quite tongue

when you're trying to speak in English quickly

this lesson is great for you it's going to help you so much

now let's have a look at

how and why these sounds change

we're just going to look at t

d n or t d and n for the letters today so think about

that example we looked at earlier

is that clear we know that in Rapid speech

this is going to change to

is that clear is that

clear we change that T at the end to a C

Sound because the next word starts with a C now essentially what we're doing

is we're just changing

the position in this

case is that clear

we're just pronouncing it here we're changing

the position of the tongue

so that we anticipate

the following sound that c in clear

take a look at this one

I bought a new

handbag hbag notice I'm not saying

handbag I bought a new

hbag so we're cutting that D we'll talk about why we're doing that later

but we're cutting that D

we change that position from

n to M and then we get something more like an

M hamag hambur here's another one

what's your song called

what's your now we've got some assimilation

there we're not going to focus on that today

but just know that that can change as well

what sure what your

instead of what's your it's quite hard to say

what's your what's your song

called now notice I'm not saying

what's your sun sun

called that's hard to say

s called is that same

that you get in words like

sing thing and so on so now we're changing

that in Sun to

because the next word starts with a C

so we change the position of

n so it's like the following

sound so it's like that c

and then it becomes

an sound so we're not changing the type of voicing

here notice that when we have a t at the end we're not changing

it to a du we're not changing the voicing

in any way we're only changing

the position so if you take a nasal

sound like in Sun

this is a nasal

it's coming through the nose

we're still keeping the nas out ity but we're just changing

the position so don't think oh my goodness there are endless

possibilities with this one

it's really not that complicated

don't worry all we're doing is just changing

the position of the tongue

or the lips that's it

the voicing and nasality

does not change have a little slip of my

coffee you know what this is a Christmas mug can you see that

might be a bit too bright I've had this Christmas mug for a while

quite a few years actually

and um I use it even though it's not Christmas

let's have a practice

together I'm going to put a sentence on the screen

I'd like you to repeat after me and have a think about

which sounds change I know that

person I know that

person so notice that

that person we're changing

that that final T in that

to more of a say p sound

that person that person

we're linking them together

you come you should

come so notice we're changing that du at the end of should

instead of saying you should

come you should come

we're changing that position of du

which is at the front of the mouth

du du to that c

change a du to the position of a c what do we get

g g so we're keeping that voice in

you should come so it sounds kind of like a g we're not releasing

it as a g we're not saying you should

come but you should

come hold it then release it on the C sound on that second sound

10% of agree 10%

of people agree so again notice

not 10% that's quite hard to say

10% change that n

to the position of a p

if we change n to the position of a p what sound do we

get M 10% and remember

hold it and then release it on the second

sound 10% I love going to art

galleries I love going to art

galleries now is this a Gallery of Art

or a Gallery of

Art so we're changing

that t in art

art galleries art galleries

think about galleries it starts with that g we're going to change the T

to the position of a g

and what does that give us

C our galleries we hold it release it on the G

our galleries is watch out for this one we've got two

in here this could be done

better this could be done

better so the could be we're going to change that du

into the position of a b

so what does that give us

could be could be the same with

d change that n

into the position of a

b what do we yet

M Dum better Dum better

so said quickly we've got

this could be dum better

here's our final sentence

then go away then

go away say that n

then go then change that n into the position of a g like we

having go what do we

get then go then go

notice as well what's also Happening Here

go away Emma I hear that you're adding another sound in there

what's happening so this is another way of connecting

speech in English here we've looked at assimilation

and changing sounds but sometimes what can happen in English is we can

add sounds M now this tends to happen mostly with vowel sounds so please

don't worry and I have a full video all about it so so go

and check that out if you want to know more about vowel vowel connected

speech if you've watched this far I'd like you to

tell me if you use Christmas mugs

and if you do do you use Christmas mugs

outside of Christmas like I do let me know in the comments

now usually I teach three rules

when I talk about vow vow connected

speech but in this lesson I'm going to teach you four

and I will explain why later

so let's start firstly

with what is vowel vowel connected speech and

why does it happen

in English when a word ends with a vowel and then the next word

starts with a vowel

we connect the two words

together by inserting another sound

we do this because it makes it easier to transition

from one sound to the other sound

now let's start with rule number one

listen carefully to this sentence

and tell me what sound I'm using to connect

the two together they are

late they are late

I'm inserting a y

sound there so they are

late becomes they are late

they are late the reason for this is because the first word ends

with a smiley sound

so your mouth is kind of smiling

as you do they

they are they are

here are some examples

did you see it

did you see it

see it we add a y there because we have

see see it did you see it

today is Friday today

is today today is Friday

now for rule number two

I'm going to say another sentence

and I'd like you to think about the sound

that I use to connect

the two together I need

to eat I need to

eat to wheat this time I'm connecting

them with a W

sound to wheat this time we're adding a w

sound in between the words

because the first vowel

is a rounded ooh

vowel so anytime your mouth is really round

and really close like ooh

ow O this kind of shape

we link it to the next vowel with a W

here are some more

examples I need to open

it I need to

it I need to open it

it's too early it's

too early it's too early

now for rule number three

we know that with rule number one we link with a Y sound

because our mouth is Smiley

with the first vowel

we know with rule number two

we link with W because our mouth is really round and small

like this but rule number three has what I like to call

in between vowels so think about it like this your mouth isn't Smiley

and your mouth isn't round like this

it's in between for

example Emma and John

we're going to say this as

emmer John notice what sound I'm

adding emmer John I'm linking

that in between vowel

the schah at the end of Emma

with a r sound

Emma and John let's practice with some

examples I love watching Laurin

order lur so notice in order

the two RS are actually silent

but we connect l

n with that R

the linking R because the sound

o it isn't ooh it's not really small and round

and it's not e

it's not Smiley it's in between

Lauren da I love watching Law and Order

Law and Order by the way is a really popular TV series

so if you like kind of legal dramas

and things then you might be interested in this

here's another sentence I love pizzza and

chips pizzer Ren chips

I love pizzer chips

please be mindful here that we are thinking of

sound and not spelling

for example if you see a word like law

or Draw you may think ah well it ends with the letter W

therefore we link it with a W

but actually if you think about the vowel sound

draw law it's not ooh

it's not e it's in between

so with these words

we actually link it with a r

so in a sentence

I draw every day

sounds like I draw

every day and Law

and Order sounds like Law and Order

and finally we have rule number four

this rule links very closely to rule number three

and usually when I teach these rules I just put rules three and four

together but in this lesson

I've separated them because I want to teach you about the intrusive

R and the linking

R so rule number three looked at the intrusive

R now we're going to look at the linking

R now in most British English

accents words that end with an r

or r e have a silent

R so we don't pronounce

the r at the end

for example Cent father

far I don't say

doctor Center father Farm

sounds a lot more American

when I pronounce the r

in most British English accents

we don't pronounce it it's just either awah

or it's a long vowel sound

however when the next word starts with a vowel sound

we actually pronounce that final R

so instead of saying

the doctor is here

we say the doctor is here

the doctor is here

the center of the city

the center of the city

my father is old

my father is old

I live far away

I live far away

so all of these are examples

of the linking R

so right now maybe you're thinking

but Emma if rule number three and Rule Number Four

both link with a r

sound then what's the difference

between the intrusive R

and the linking R

why do they have two different names

so yes the linking R and intrusive

R both use the r

sound to connect the two sounds

together but the only difference is that the intrusive

R is used to talk about Words

which do not end

with an r or r e

for example Pizza Pizza doesn't end with a r or an R

but when we say it in a sentence

we say pizza Ren

chips it's like intruding

is that R sound it's sneaking

in there while the linking R is used to talk about Words

which do contain the letter r

or r for example

far far away now we're just simply pronouncing

that R because we're linking it to the next vowel sound

while reading I'd like you to think about the sounds that we use to

connect the words together

then afterwards in the analysis

you can check your answers

remember you can download the free pdf

version of the story

if you'd like to make notes as we go along

a trip to London

one sunny day in Oxford

and em and John decided to go on a day trip to London

they wanted to eat lots of tasty food

and see all the amazing

sights come on let's go John said

putting his things into his bag

I'm ready Emma replied

they set off and made their way to the train station

which wasn't too far away from their home

luckily they arrived just in time to catch their train

after a few hours

they arrived in the the center of London

they started by visiting

the Tower of London

and walking around the area

John wanted to take a picture of Big Ben

so Emer and John walked down the river towards

it after seeing some of the amazing

sites around London they decided to eat something inside a cute little

restaurant Emma ordered some pizza and chips

while John ordered some spaghetti

and bread rolls after eating

they decided to see a few more of the sites before before heading back

home while on the train heading back to Oxford

Emma and John looked at the amazing

photographs they had taken that day

they agreed to visit London

again soon now we're going to analyze

this story together and I will explain the rules

as I go along

so let's start with the first sentence

we have one sunny

day year knoxford we're going to link this with a Y

sound so the symbol we're using

is this it's the same y

as in yes y

y y sunny day in

Oxford emmer John emmer

and John we're going to link these with a r

emmer and John decided to go

one go it's very round

there go one a day trip to London

they wanted to weat

very round to eat

lots of tasty I is a fly lots of tasty food

and see y see

y the amazing now I'm really exaggerating

here but naturally it would sound like

they wanted to eat lots of tasty food

and see all the amazing

SES so you notice that Y sound

there we're basically saying it at the start of the next

word so day yinin

go one to eat

see you the amazing

add that linking sound to the beginning

of the next word

next we have come on let's go John said

putting his things into

his bag now you may be thinking

HH Emma I've got you here because there's a h

and that's not a vowel

no it's not a vowel

but with this particular

word here what we can do is we can weaken it when we're speaking

quickly so instead of saying into

his bag and making it very strong

we weaken this and just say

is into his bag

into his bag putting his things into his bag

because we've REM we have removed

that H sound we're then just left with the vowel

so we connect the two vowels

together into his bag

then we have they set off and made their way to the train station

which wasn't too far

away so here is just a linking

R if we go back up here with em

John this is the intrusive

R why is this the intrusive

R because M isn't spelled

with an R down here though

far away we do have the letter R

so this is the linking R

pronounced the same way we're still link with a r

but we're following slightly different rules here

so we say wasn't too far

far away far away from their home

then we have they

arrived luckily they arrived

just in time they arrived

just in time after

a few hours so few

o o o we got that oo very round sound few

hours and here you might be thinking again Emma but there's an H here

why why are we linking

with a W again we need to think of sound here we're not looking

at the spelling so here

ours actually starts with ow

ow it's a vowel sound

this is silent I'm say this is H of course it's an H

but it's silent it's a silent letter

so after a few

hours after a few

hours they arrived in the center

of we're just using that linking R

Center of center of London

they started by visiting

the Tower of London

Tower of London around

the yeara and walking around the area

so at that r

at the end here Tower

R walking around the area

the area John wanted to take a picture

of picture of Big Ben

so em and John

walk down the river towards

it here we've got the linking R

just spat on my

laptop we've got the linking R because we actually have

we have we have the letter R

here it's the intrusive

R because there's no R in the spelling

yeah it's just Emma

it's just awah em

John after seeing some of the

amazing The Amazing sites around London

they decided to eat

to eat something inside a cute little

Ed intrusive R because we have the schah

here so relaxed in between

kind of sound Ed

this one here is actually silent

yeah and it's just one vowel

ored this is also

silent Ed some Pizer

pizzer chips notice as well it's not related to this lesson

but notice I'm not saying pizza and

chips I'm not saying the D I can cut it yeah

pizza and chips and here

spaghetti e e was smiling

spaghetti and bread rolls

here we can remove this again

spaghetti and bread rolls

after eating after eating

they decided to see a few

more of see a few

more of the sights

before heading back home

while on the train heading back to

wford to walk walkford

Mar and John looked at the

amazing photographs they so here again we're doing what we did before

we're not saying they had taken that day where it's all stress stress stress

strong strong strong okay we're using the weak form

here so had is the strong form

but with the schah

looks like the same letter but that's a d and that's aw

autographs they had taken

that day because we now remove this H

and we just have

have the vow sound there so we link the two vowels

together they had they had taken

that day then our final sentence

they they agreed they agreed to visit London

again soon so as I mentioned

before a little trick is to add that linking sound to the beginning

of the next word

so day ye Oxford

emmer go one we're adding those linking sounds to the start

of the next word and this makes it sound

much more natural so let's now read through one more

time a trip to London

one sunny day in Oxford

Emma and John decided to go on a day trip to London

they wanted to eat lots of tasty food

and see all the amazing

sites come on let's go John said

putting his things into his bag

I'm ready Emma replied

they set off and made their way to the train station

which wasn't too far away from their home

luckily they arrived just in time to catch their train

after a few hours

they arrived in the center of London

they started by visiting

the Tower of London

and walking around the area

John wanted to take a picture of Big Ben

so Emer and John walked down the river towards it

after seeing some of the amazing

sites around London they decided to eat something inside a cute little

restaurant Emma ordered some pizza and chips

while John ordered some spaghetti

and bread rolls after eating

they decided to see a few more of the sites

before heading back home

while on the train heading back to Oxford

Emma and John looked at the amazing

photographs they had taken that day

they agreed to visit London

again soon and that's the end of today's

English pronunciation so this is the text that we're going to look at together

it's called Emma in Spain it's about my own life experience

and I have written

this very very carefully

to highlight certain features

of Rapid speech such as assimilation

and connected speech so we're going to talk about those things together

as I mentioned at the beginning

I'm going to read it first

just at a normal speed

then I will read it slowly

you can hear then how

connect everything together and then we're going to go through the analysis

together feel free to also use this as a shadowing

activity so you can listen

pause and repeat or you can listen and repeat and follow the text without

pausing whatever you want to do

so let's get starting with reading

it emmer in Spain

around this time 10 years ago

I Left My Home Country for the first time in my life

I was thinking about going to Canada

or the USA but

no instead I moved to Spain during the second year of my degree to

study there I studied in taragona

a city Catalonia originally

I was only supposed to go for one term

but the coordinator messed up

and accidentally put one year on the

form my first semester

there was tough I felt like I didn't really fit in

the other students used to ask asked me if I wanted to go out

but I didn't want

to in the second semester

I decided to make some friends with some local Catalan

girls they all showed me some very interesting

things about the culture

and I really enjoyed my second